Includes executive summary; the land issue – International and regional perspectives; Oxfam and land issues on the Copperbelt; land issues in Zambia; land policy review process; genesis of the 1995 Lands Act; Constitutional Review process; challenges for the future; conclusion.

Includes experience with land policy development in the region, the Malawi National Land Policy and its implementation strategy, the emerging land market, social protection and economic growth and DFID’s support to date. Among the options suggested to DFID are a more inclusive project, low cost strategic engagement or withdrawal from the land sector. Argues the need for DFID support for public information and awareness and for civil society organisations. Contains a draft legal brief on customary title in Malawian law as an annex.

Contains an executive summary and 3 main chapters: on national, provincial and policy context; access to land and natural resources in Bie Province; and key issues for CARE programming � the promotion of livelihood security and equity. Within these chapters are sections on the proposed new Land Law; land administration and decentralisation; land use and availability and mechanisms of access to land; land tenure systems in the study sites. Argues that the central policy issue around which lobbying efforts ought to be directed in the future concern the need for the law to allow for, protect and register the recognised rights of community and family groups such that they become subject to transfer and transaction on terms and conditions suitable to the community or the family.

The focus is on environmental management and the impact of current controversial mining activities on land and livelihoods.

Contains 3 chapters – introduction, structure of land policy formulation process, and organisation structure. They include land policy principles, guiding values, methodology, rural and urban land use, legal framework, land tenure and social cultural equity, land information management system, institutional and financial framework for implementation.

An attempt briefly to describe key components on land as a global issue today, giving some examples of Oxfam International’s involvement in land issues in different parts of the world. Divided into land in a globalised world; some struggles over land; different kinds of Oxfam International support; some general trends – lack of information; some concluding thoughts.

Oxfam Zambia Copperbelt Land Workshop

Contains gender and land rights; gender and poverty; importance of gender to land rights; current policy and legal reforms on gender and land in Uganda; recommendations for strengthening gender in policy and law reform.

Contains introduction, conceptual framework, issues for the land policy (sovereignty, land tenure systems and issues, land and sustainable livelihoods, land administration and management, natural resources, land markets, land/property taxation), policy implementation, the gaps and areas for future study.

Contains introduction, research on land and conflict, land issues in Rwanda, Eastern DRC, and Burundi, conclusion. Recent research has pointed to the significance of environmental variables in triggering and sustaining struggles for power in the Great Lakes Region. Contested rights to land and natural resources are a significant element in the dynamics of conflict in the region.

Argues that the price of commercial farmland in Namibia is high in relation to the profits that can be made from commercial livestock farming. As a result, farming is rapidly becoming the preserve of the urban rich who farm as a lifestyle choice and are prepared to subsidise their farms from their principal sources of income. Government policy is trying to encourage black Namibians into commercial farming through the Affirmative Action Loans scheme. However, given the price of land, many of these farmers will struggle to create commercially viable farms. This is bound to cause frustration further down the road and new farmers will start to demand more subsidies to purchase farms and diversify into other activities that will allow them to raise their incomes. Government will then have to decide whether to increase subsidies to encourage broader land ownership or simply allow those who can afford to farm to benefit from land reform.

Short (4-page) report on this workshop covering why a successful workshop?, why this workshop?, what were the main themes?, key issues raised in presentations, discussions and working groups, the follow up, website links to the full report of the workshop.

Contains the urban poverty challenge; from illegality to formal tenure; segregation of space – an urban poverty challenge; from government to governance; the role of the state; government as a land owner; management of public land and public spaces; settlement of administrative and community boundaries; local land tenure regularisation; better information and the role of statistical data.

Contains introduction; background; the principle orientations of Praia; status of implementation of the Praia orientation in CILSS member states (Burkina Faso, The Gambia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Chad); land tenure situation of the underprivileged groups; management of land conflicts; implementation difficulties and lessons learned; overview of the land tenure situation in some coastal West African countries (Benin, Ghana, Togo); emerging land issues; towards regional charter on rural land in the Sahel and West Africa; appendices with summary table of the policies, legislations and regulations on land and natural resource management in West Africa; glossary; bibliography.

This was a major and highly successful workshop on women’s land rights in Southern and Eastern Africa, organised by FAO and Oxfam GB. It attracted an unusually diverse range of participants. This official report summarises the papers, presentations and discussions in the original order of the programme. It covers the conceptual framework and women’s land rights in the contexts of: legal issues, natural resources, inheritance rights, post-conflict situations, pastoralist communities, HIV/AIDS, land administration, legal aid, rights to housing, land and property, the working group discussions, action points, and includes a number of appendices providing details of participants and their organisations.

Background paper for an IDS Sussex workshop on new ideas on the rights to land, housing and property. Contains a renewed focus on poverty and, within that, a new focus on land rights; livelihoods and rights-based approaches; the World Bank and received orthodoxy in land policy; DFID’s focus on land rights in Africa; Francophone perspectives; recent World Bank thinking; the mysteries of capitalism (a discussion of de Soto); lessons learnt.

In March 2003 a group of land reform practitioners and researchers met informally to discuss the state of land reform in Southern Africa and to explore ideas about constructive ways forward. Following this, in late June 2003 a number of participants from the ‘think-tank’ workshop held discussions with various stakeholders in South Africa to get feedback on the report and to identify their views, with a desire to encourage debate and contribute to the building of greater consensus on the importance of meaningful, sustainable land reform. The spirit of the meetings was encouraging about the prospects for serious debate, notwithstanding the very different points of view on what equitable and sustainable land reform means in different constituencies. This report presents a summary of the discussions, states who was involved in them and summarises areas of agreement and disagreement, and areas for constructive debate and provides the names of five people who can be contacted in their personal capacities.

Contains a critical analysis of the Report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into the Land Law System of Kenya – sampled reactions; land issues at the plenary of the National Constitutional Conference at the Bomas of Kenya; the Njonjo Commission Report at close scrutiny – a pastoralist’s view; co-ownership is passed as family land right in Uganda; the Report of the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into the Land Law System of Kenya broadly captures the public views on the much-needed land reform for sustainable development – Kenya Land Alliance’s perspective; Titanium mining in Kwale; what a National Land Policy for Kenya should entail – has the Njonjo Commission Report addressed it?; the sanctity of land titles – do we need new generation titles?

Looks at key problems affecting land reform beneficiaries in FARM-Africa projects in the Northern Cape: livelihoods, the right to settle, lack of infrastructure, too poor to farm?, development plans, the management capacity of executive committees, gaining access to technical agricultural support and credit, equitable access and grazing fees, obligations of having water rights, the responsibility for Act 126 projects, government policies and their effects on emerging farmers.

It is often assumed that transferring land to rural households will provide people with valuable assets that can be productively used to enhance their livelihoods. Unfortunately, few rural people or land reform beneficiaries are perceived to be using land productively because they do not engage in significant commercial production for the market. Transferring land to subsistence users is therefore seen as a waste of resources. However, an examination of land use in communal areas and amongst land reform beneficiaries indicates that resource-poor rural people do use land productively and resourcefully, but the constraints to production and participation in agricultural markets they encounter limit their livelihoods to survivalist mode. Land reform can enhance rural livelihoods beyond this survivalist mode if it is integrated into a broader rural development programme aimed at providing subsistence land users with the support they need to overcome the constraints to production, and to connect them to the markets.

Contains background, policy responses (PRSP, LSSP, national gender policy), legal responses (Constitution, co-ownership, Land Bill 1997 and Matembe Clause, Land Act 1998 and Consent Clause, Land Amendment Bill 2003), challenges, way forward, annexes.

Contains background to DFID Kenya support to the land reform process; problems and constraints; the Njonjo Commission and Report; the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission; the land policy process; the Kenya Land Alliance; possible future KLA activities for DFID support; the role of civil society in the land policy development process in the region; possible future DFID support to the Kenya Government land reform process; overview of the land reform work being undertaken (by government, business, donors); proposed DFID assistance to the Ministry of Lands for a land policy review. There are appendices detailing a summary of issues raised by Kenyans with the Njonjo Commission and the Government/NGO land reform protocol.

A detailed guide covering communal land boards, communal land areas, allocation of customary, grazing and leasehold rights in respect of communal land, general provisions.

Contains cleaning up the mess at Lands? – an exclusive interview with Hon. Amos Kimunya, Minister for Lands and Settlement; land: political patronage’s greatest weapon – an interview with Odenda Lumumba, National Coordinator, Kenya Land Alliance; corruption thriving in informal settlements – an interview with Jane Weru, Executive Director, Pamoja Trust; land: Kenya’s simmering powder keg by Odindo Opiata, Kituo cha Sheria; land rights for poor people key to poverty reduction, growth – World Bank (Policy Research Report).

Begins with a brief overview of South Africa’s redistribution programme. Offers an interpretation of ‘what went wrong’ with the land redistribution programme that prevailed between 1995 and 1999, followed by a scan of the problems that do or will limit the revised redistribution programme in respect of its rural development objective. Concludes tentatively with remarks about the burden of redistribution in redressing past injustices, and explains how the revised redistribution programme is especially ill suited to this purpose.

Argues the need for landowners in South Africa to draw lessons from events in Zimbabwe and to be much more radical, proactive and imaginative in promoting needed changes in land reform, failing which they will have no future, as pressures from the landless intensify. The current status quo is unsustainable and the national effort inadequate. The private sector has a key role to play to break the current logjam. Increasing number of landowners are beginning to see the light and accept political realities. Calls for a land summit to negotiate a comprehensive agrarian transformation. The entire meaning and exercising of landownership needs to be creatively revisited and redefined. Soon to launch a Land for Peace initiative to push forward these ideas.

Examines some contemporary policy discourses on land tenure reform in sub-Saharan Africa and their implications for women’s interests in land. Demonstrates an emerging consensus among a range of influential policy institutions (including the World Bank, IIED and Oxfam GB), lawyers and academics about the potential of so-called customary systems of land tenure to meet the needs of all land users and claimants. African women lawyers are much more equivocal about trusting the customary, preferring to look to the State for laws to protect women’s interests. There are considerable problems with so-called customary systems of land tenure and administration for achieving gender justice with respect to women’s land claims. Insufficient attention is being paid to power relations in the countryside and their implications for social groups, such as women, who are not well positioned and represented in local level power structures. Considerable changes will be needed before African states can begin to deliver gender justice with respect to land.

An executive summary and recommendations are followed by 5 chapters: on the land question, reform and farm workers; the scope and process of fast track reform; the impact of land reform on farm workers’ livelihoods; food security, vulnerable groups, HIV-AIDS and coping strategies; and after the ‘promised land’ – towards the future. Study reveals that by early 2003, only about 100,000 of the original c.320,000 farm workers were still employed on the farms, the others are jobless and landless and have lost their entitlement to housing, basic social services and subsidised food. Only a quarter received severance packages. Family structures are under severe stress. There is an uneasy relationship with land reform beneficiaries, with conflicts over housing, land, water, and food. A series of recommendations on inputs, infrastructure, coping strategies, HIV/AIDS, informal settlements, skills, compensation, the need for transparent agrarian reform, conflict resolution, citizenship, and future models in the Southern African region – in which farm workers need to be integrated from the beginning.

Focuses on property rights in land, giving a short narrative of some of the key ‘land tenure’ or ‘land policy’ issues and the emerging consensus around them. Addresses the redistribution of property rights in land from large to small farmers. A policy framework for redistributive land reform is outlined within which the competing paradigms can actually compete there where it matters: on the ground.

Contains introduction and context, research methods, policy framework for urban and peri-urban development, overview of fast track resettlement, fast track and peri-urban settlement, concluding remarks.

Concluding chapter aiming to synthesise key findings of research papers and perspectives in a volume on land and livelihoods in Zimbabwe. Proposes a strategic policy roadmap in 4 phases for re-engaging government, donors and civil society in land and agrarian reform in Zimbabwe.

Focuses on struggles to secure and defend the land rights of the poor in Africa. A very brief introduction sketches the impact of liberalisation on land in Africa, then looks at the deeper context of land reform, and at the current role of donors. Goes on to look at detailed case studies of Uganda, Mozambique and South Africa and examines reasons for successes and failures of pro-poor land struggles in those countries. Concludes by focusing on the issue of redistribution in Southern Africa.

Published in Journal fur Entwicklungspolitik (Austrian Journal of Development Studies), XIX, 1, 2003, 6-21. This was part of a special edition devoted to land reform in Africa edited by Birgit Englert and Walter Schicho.

Gives a brief overview on how the gender debate featured in the process of land reform in Tanzania and asks why socio-economic arguments have to be used by advocates of gender equitable land rights. Focuses on the Uluguru mountains and shows that the need for registration is rather a consequence of its possibility and not of deficiencies of tenure security within the customary system, and that informal access to land can be experienced as more secure than formal registration. Further argues that demand to use land as collateral is low and risk-awareness especially among women high. Concludes by pointing out that lobbying for change of legislation might not be the most effective way to achieve gender equitable rights to land.

Published in Journal Entwicklungspolitik (Austrian Journal of Development Studies), XIX, 1, 2003, 75-90. This was part of a special edition devoted to land reform in Africa edited by Birgit Englert and Walter Schicho.

Like other countries in the region, Botswana inherited a dual system of statutory and customary tenure at independence. Despite the contrasting characteristics of these two systems, it has developed a robust land administration, which has greatly contributed to good governance and economic progress. Its land tenure policy has been described as one of careful change, responding to particular needs with specific tenure innovations. Botswana continues to adapt its land administration, based on customary rights and values, to a rapidly urbanising economy and expanding land market. Its approach is of interest because it is finding solutions to problems that continue to elude its neighbours.

Comprises notes from an informal meeting in Pretoria addressing the impasse on land reform in Southern Africa. The main focus is on overcoming problems and constraints, including on redistribution, tenure reform, the land rights of women, HIV/AIDS and donor support. Has sections on the viability of small-scale farms, post-transfer support, mobilising support for land reform, and proposed follow up. There are two main appendices; one on the status of land reform in each of the countries in the region, the other a matrix of current land issues in each country.

Contains close scrutiny of chapter 11 (on land and property) of the Kenya Draft Constitution Bill; editorial on Kenya Land Alliance supports the campaign for the protection of forest lands; the new Minister of Lands and Settlements’ plans to modernise his Ministry (including a commitment to make public the Njonjo Land Commission report); the new Minister for Planning and National Development’s perception of land issues in Kenya (including a commitment to tax land held by speculators); a review of NARC’s (National Rainbow Coalition) agenda for success on land issues (including an end to land grabbing of Public Land). The KLA believes in the imperative need for a national land policy framework.

Originally verbal presentation to World Bank meeting reviewing its Policy Research Report on land. Argues the need for this to be honest, open to admitting past mistakes, and pro-poor in order to influence future Bank policy and practice at national level. Argues that the Bank needs to be aware that many people across the world view it as the enemy because of past historical experience. Need for various Bank policies to be mutually compatible. Cites source suggesting great divergence between policy drivers within the Bank. Generally welcomes more nuanced and self-critical approach of this draft, but concludes that all the pro-poor land reform, laws and policies in the world will be of limited value for as long as international trade rules and subsidies remain rigged in favour of the rich.

An introduction, overview and historical section is followed by sections on Rwanda’s Land Policy and law, outlining main problems identified and policy objectives. Includes the nature of land rights, registration, consolidation, establishment of commissions, villagisation and urbanisation, key challenges for implementation, impact of AIDS, role of political representatives, civil society and NGOs, and sensitisation and consultation on the implementation of the Policy and the law. Argues that the recognition and registration of individual land rights appears to be a widespread aspiration in Rwanda and communal land tenure appears to have been seriously eroded in the past few decades.

Presents two personal testimonies of eviction and dispossession to illustrate the long and complex political history of land in Zimbabwe. The first concerns the eviction of white commercial farmers from one district in December 2002, the second of black peasant farmers in 1948, to make way for the white post-1945 white war veterans.

A critical analysis of the draft Land Policy. Contains introduction, land delivery system and accessibility to land, title deeds on customary land, vestment of land, land market, gender issues, allocation to foreigners (with particular reference to white farmers from Zimbabwe), dispute resolution, land management information systems, concluding remarks.

A comprehensive review covering stages in the development of Zambia’s land policy; land administration – customary land and leasehold tenure; land titling; current land policy consultation process; outstanding land policy issues – alienation of customary land, land market issues, problems faced by the poor in securing land rights, legal framework; development aid for the land sector in Zambia and possible DFID support.

A response to the Zambian Government’s August 2002 decision to consult major stakeholders on land. Zambian Land Alliance helped form Civil Society Land Policy Review Committee which aims to ensure that the remote rural poor participate in the Government Draft Land Policy review process and present their views. Paper is an initial submission on the Draft Land Policy and makes recommendations on 5 areas: vestment of land, gender, land tenure security, land administration, and land disputes resolution.

Official report from the European Forum on the sessions relating to land tenure reform and poverty reduction. Details the panel discussion involving Robin Palmer (Oxfam), Julian Quan (DFID), Christian Graefen (GTZ), Annelies Zoomers (CEDLA), Philippe Lavigne-Delville (GRET), followed by summaries of two working groups, on Madagascar and Mali and Latin America, and concludes with agreed action points. These included the need for donors to engage more in the political aspects of land reform, including redistribution, to work more collaboratively, to think longer term, consider a broad range of options, and to take more account of traditional land institutions and customary rights, while land tenure reform needs to be linked to wider rural development policies.

An analysis of the World Bank’s Policy Research Report (PRR) from a gender perspective and a contribution to an e-mail discussion on it. Looks at whether the latest draft has addressed the failings of an earlier version. Focuses on the notion of non-contractable labour; the household as a unit of analysis; motivated family labour; the consequences of default; equity and poverty reduction strategies; bringing women’s rights onto the agenda. Concludes that the changes are largely superficial and that Report’s fundamental assumptions remain intact and threaten to worsen rather than ameliorate women’s position.

A guide to the World Bank’s Policy Research Report on land policy, on which an email discussion takes place from 30 December 2002 to 10 January 2003. Details the websites for the Report and the discussion. Asks whether it was worth engaging in the PRR process, examines the Report’s structure and says what it does not contain, offers general and particular comments, and concludes by saying don’t forget the politics.

Comprises executive summary, introduction, and chapters on historical perspective of land tenure, situation analysis, land policy objectives and strategies, institutional framework, and funding. The main emphasis is to address the problems of the land delivery system to ensure equitable access to land resources. Includes sections on land tenure and land allocation to foreigners, environmental issues, land disputes and gender – the Policy seeks to redress gender imbalances and other forms of discrimination in land tenure. Asserts that NGOs will assist Government to interpret and disseminate the Policy and play an active role in its implementation.

Based on 2002 fieldwork in four rural communities in Manica Province. Divided into 5 sections: overview – main points; case studies and methodology; effects of the 1997 Land Law in rural communities; problems encountered during implementation; recommendations; conclusion. Includes suspicion of the legal system, effects of legal knowledge, greater awareness of rights, class inequalities, conflicts between political parties, corruption and ignorance of local officials, attitudes to investors. Concludes that the Land Law is facilitating monumental changes in the consciousness of rural small scale farmers and slowly accomplishing everything it set out to do and more, actively granting rural peasants rights and a means through which they can secure those rights.

A pocket sized booklet published to make a significant contribution towards creating a just, fair and equitable society in which women’s land rights are more strongly recognised and promoted. Contains a series of issues and principles: discrimination on the basis of sex; land tenure reform; land ownership; trust land; rights of inheritance; succession and matrimonial property; land distribution and resettlement schemes; land markets; institutional arrangements; the National Land Policy; conclusion. Makes suggestions about what the new Constitution should declare in relation to these issues.

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The Njonjo Commission of Inquiry into the Land Law Systems of Kenya has just completed its task after 3 years. The Kenya Land Alliance argues strongly that its report needs to be made public as a matter of good faith before the forthcoming elections.

Analyses the World Bank’s Policy Research Report (PRR) from a gender perspective and is critical of the consultation process on it thus far. It has important implications for women in Africa. The Bank believes land should be viewed not as a source of subsistence but of capital. It ignores women’s unpaid labour as a factor in agricultural productivity. It treats the household as an undifferentiated unit and ignores that the family often functions as a site of oppression. The Bank stresses ‘motivated’ family labour but ignores that much of women’s labour is far from voluntary. It also ignores the consequences for households of defaulting on loans using land as collateral and the real possibility that rural farmers may find themselves landless as a result. Issues of labour and capital are now of central importance to land relations in Africa.

Highly condensed paper on gendered land rights, written principally for Oxfam staff and partners, and summarising some of the literature on Africa and elsewhere. Includes ‘the women were left out again’ (in Uganda); why bother with women’s land rights?; only secondary rights; the invention of ‘tradition’; the unproblematic ‘household’; resistance is certain; family law – the way forward, or just reinforcing marginalisation?; statutory law and social change; class is still with us; land and agrarian reforms and women’s movements; the shadow of HIV/AIDS in Africa; some very hard choices; how do you ‘do gender’ in land reform, and what about the cost?; how to strengthen women’s land rights?