Tenure security is addressed and assessed in countries where government, civil society, the private sector and development cooperation initiatives have been implemented for decades. Case studies from 15 countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia) ensure a geographic balance and represent countries with different socio-economic and land-related histories that have followed different pathways. Key findings underline the still precarious state of tenure security in many countries. Also show best practices for legal and administrative reforms that have generated incentives for long-term investment in land, or incentives to include the poor more comprehensively.