Notes that a record 212 land and environmental defenders were reported killed in 2019 but believes that the real number was certainly higher. Mining, logging and agribusiness were the main drivers of this. States that ‘verifying cases from Africa continues to be difficult. Limited monitoring of the issue by civil society, media repression and localised conflict mean attacks are probably underreported in some regions.’ Seven were reported killed in DR Congo, Burkina Faso, Uganda, Ghana and Kenya. Makes recommendations to governments, companies and investors.